BY RICHARD EITELBERG, CPA, FOUNDER-PRESIDENT OF HARTSKO FINANCIAL SERVICES, LLC, A SEVEN-YEAR-OLD PURCHASE ORDER FINANCE FIRM WHICH HANDLES ABOUT $150M IN ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS, BASED IN BAYSIDE, NEW YORK (WWW.HARTSKO.COM)

“The Great Recession” has left a lot of asset-based lenders and factors weak and lame.  Their inability during this period to access credit lines from banks, hedge funds, and equity investors often means they must restrict money to existing customers or refuse prospective clients.

Purchase Order Financing and Letters Of Credit generally looked upon as a last-resort bitter pill have seen increased acceptance as a way for a business owner to preserve a transaction opportunity.  With up front honesty, PF is expensive because of the very high risk issues involved and the intensive servicing requirements.  However, if a deal has the potential to yield a 30% profit or more—why should the business owner be concerned about sacrificing a few more percentage points over and above a traditional lender?  Is losing the opportunity to do the deal altogether, a better alternative?

Factors and asset-based lenders should realize that if they are at the end of their line with their client, referring the PF route can keep their relationship and income opportunity alive.  PF is a fast way for their client to secure funds needed to fulfill customer purchase orders and expand their business without giving up equity or trying to borrow additional funds (an option which no longer exists).

Here’s the process:

1.   The customer submits a purchase order to the client with all documents

2.   The client submits the customer purchase order to the PO financier for approval with all costs associated with transactions

3.   The PO financier will then will make direct payments to the client’s vendors so that the merchandise for the customer PO can be produced

4.   The client’s vendors deliver final product directly to the end customer or to a third party warehouse until shipped to end customer

5.   The seller then invoices the shipment and sends invoice and corresponding copy of customer PO to the factor

6.   The factor funds the invoice at his discount, paying the PO financier their loan plus fee

7.   The factor (or bank) collects from the end customer and pays the client their residual left from the advance

PF is taking a piece of equity in a client’s deal on a temporary basis, perhaps, thirty, sixty, ninety days, or 120 days.  A PF firm earns a fee on a precise part of the deal.  The PF firm doesn’t really “lend” a business money.  Most times, PF firms do not actually give a business any money or hard cash.  The PF firm’s money and equity backs up and supports the integrity of said purchase order.  It makes transactions work by opening up an LC usually overseas to procure merchandise, products, and materials for businesses.  (Or, wires are sent to domestic manufacturers to make purchases in behalf of businesses.)

PF is only transactional and temporary with the money going to fund the goods or merchandise in that specific transaction.  PF funds are not allocated to fund payroll, rents, cars, or any other business operations. Therefore, PF enables start-up companies to grow and troubled companies to survive.  Even bankrupt companies are generally able to access PF because the fees are guaranteed by the court.

Finally, in terms of the relationship, PF firms are not offended that a business owner may use this process one day, while returning to the factor or traditional lender the next day.  The PF community recognizes that PF is only going to be used when it is absolutely necessary and all other lender options have been exhausted.  The PF firm accepts that business owners and their lenders will only use it when they need it!

For more information on purchase order financing, feel free to visit www.Hartsko.com, or contact the IFA directly.

More about the author.

Richard Eitelberg is the Founder, President of Hartsko Financial Services, LLC., with offices in Bayside, New York and Deerfield, Illinois.  Mr. Eitelberg, was graduated from Michigan State University with a BA in Accounting.  He earned his license in certified public accounting (New York State).

Mr. Eitelberg has been the Chief Financial Officer for two garment industry companies: Adrian Landau Designs, and B. Lucid.  He was a Senior Auditor for Josephson, Luxemborg & Kantz, CPA’s, PC. He began Hartsko about seven years ago, assembling a group of private equity investors.  Today, Hartsko handles purchase order financing and letters of credit with some $150m in annual outstandings. (www.hartsko.com)

Mr. Eitelberg, a resident of Plainview, New York is a member of the Commercial Finance Association, the International Factoring Association (preferred vendor) and the Turnaround Management Association.

This has been an amazing year so far for factors. I say amazing, but I could probably come up with dozens of adjectives and each would be fitting.  Words like challenging, tough, and busy come to mind too.  This year is different though; I have observed something markedly different than in all my history in this business, which is the huge amount of exposure our industry has enjoyed.  Never before has the word “factoring” appeared so many times in news searches on the internet.  Sometimes the stories are good, you know the ones where factoring is seen as a positive form of finance – other times the stories aren’t so great, like fraud occurring either within a factor’s portfolio or those rogue entities that raise money ostensibly for the purpose of purchasing receivables to only use the funds for anything but factoring.  CIT’s troubles alone have brought factoring into the limelight.  While I truly wish the best for that company and who knows how that will all end up, I suppose I am grateful that more and more of the population has heard of factoring just from reading about CIT in the news.

I have the pleasure of working with multiple factoring companies on a variety of projects – and in so doing have gained a very unique perspective on the state of the industry today – guess what, there are many new deals being booked daily all over the place!  Those factors who have strong underwriting and portfolio management standards as well as their own capital and access to liquidity are finally able to grow their client base simply because other forms of finance are not available.  On the other hand, there are factoring companies who struggle with access to liquidity and declining sales volumes because their client’s sales have decreased.  There are also start up factoring companies opening all over the country as they see factoring as a good business to be in – as long as those folks are seeking out education and assistance and respect established standards, they should be able to do well.  Unless every single factor I’ve been talking to is fibbing, they’ve all been busy putting on new deals – and don’t see their pipeline dwindling any time soon.  Nope, no horror stories here.

A factoring company (just like any other business) wants to make a profit at the end of the day.  This is no easy task when you consider the amount of overhead it takes to run a factoring operation.  Salaries, Credit Expense, Cost of Funds, Rent, Due Diligence Expense, Lock-Box Fees are just a few of the expenditures a factor has.  The smart ones also put a little away each month to build up a loss reserve should the inevitable occur.  To the average person on the street, when they see what a factoring arrangement is priced at, may feel it is exorbitantly high, but when you take away the actual costs to provide this service, you’d be surprised at how little of those fees actually make it to the bottom line.

All that being said – factors have to charge what they charge because factoring is labor intensive and expensive to operate.  If the factor just purchased invoices and advanced funds, they would be out of business very quickly – that translates into fewer companies providing this critical form of finance – not a good thing for the general business environment.   That would be a horror story.

I think that many factoring companies (at least those that I deal with and talk to routinely) are in this business both to make a little profit and because it’s rewarding to help companies survive by providing working capital.  No one I know is in the business of gouging their client base. Moreover, it takes effort to find a client, to perform due diligence confirming the factor can make a difference for that company and then to bring the client on board to provide financing.  We all strive at that point to keep the client active for as long as possible – the average being 18-24 months.  I recently spoke to the head of a factoring company that said they’ve been able to keep their average client to up to 30 months!

Factors actually work hard at the collection process to help keep receivables turning so that the costs of factoring remains as low as possible for their clients.  These aren’t heavy handed collection tactics, merely good old fashioned solid receivables management techniques.  The result is that the client also maintains a healthy bottom line.  Client’s who grow or mature enough to be able to qualify for bank financing make this all a win-win situation.

When I hear of “client horror stories,” I am disheartened by the hyperbole.  I guess I come from the side of the fence that a client horror story is one wherein the client  figured out the perfect fraud and then absconded with big piles o’ cash.    While there is press that suggests that factoring companies are Good, Bad or Evil – these are all emotional terms – working capital shouldn’t be emotional.

If a business needs a factor they can look to any number of resources to find the best arrangement possible.  Price and Structure should not be the only deciding factors (pun intended).  One company may offer a low rate but then require monthly minimums and a term of one year, while the next company may offer a higher rate with an easy out and no minimums.  Some companies even offer programs that adjust with the client’s sales volume.  If you spend the time to understand the differences, you’ll probably find that in the end most offers are relatively equal in costs (plus or minus some basis points).  So if all terms are equal, what can a business seeking a funding source do?

The answer: get to know the factoring company. Ask for client references, and then… actually call them.  Does the factor have a history of taking care of their clients?  How long does the average client stay with the factor?  Is it only three months?  Or is it two years?  What other services does the factor provide? Same day funding on schedules received by noon or does funding take 48 hours or more (routine funding not the initial funding)?  Does the factor understand your business?  How well do you relate/communicate with representatives of the factoring company?  Is the company secure – do you think they will be there when you need them?  Are they in the same time zone as you, and if not does it make a difference (to some it might – to others it won’t).  Are you working directly with a funding source or through a broker?  How do you know the broker is really looking at the best deal for you?  There are so many other issues besides price alone!  If sales volumes can be maintained, maybe the smaller fee with minimums is the way to go. If not, then the higher priced deal may look more attractive.

If I go back to how I started this article, I was shopping… so, look at it this way, when you buy a plain white shirt from a low cost retailer, you probably don’t expect for the shirt to last very long – seams unravel, it gets stretched out, etc…  Buying a similar shirt from a more expensive retailer probably means the shirt will cost more, but the stitching will be different and the fabric might be stronger, and generally speaking, that shirt ought to be in your wardrobe for much longer than the less expensive one.  Which do you buy?  That’s a personal decision. For me, I’d spend extra just to know I would have something of quality… something that would last.

One more thing, you know that factor that quotes a lower rate but then imposes minimum volumes – well, I’ll be willing to bet that can be negotiated.  The negotiation however probably won’t be that the factor will maintain the same low rate without minimums – they simply can’t afford to do business this way.  In order for any transaction to work, it has to benefit all parties – everyone needs to “win.”

It’s a shame when clients don’t fully understand what they’ve signed up for though.  I was taught early on to never sign something that I either didn’t understand or didn’t agree with.  I make it a matter of practice to fully read any document I need to execute and if something isn’t clear to me, then it’s my duty to learn more before signing, and that’s just personally.  Shouldn’t a business owner follow the same rule?  Imagine signing a three year lease and then three months into the lease deciding that you no longer wish to rent the space.  There will be penalties from the landlord to break that lease, why should factoring be any different?

So, I don’t have any horror stories, even though Halloween is near.  Factoring works because those providing the capital know what needs to be done in order to protect that capital, and clients understand that having access to that capital comes with a price. Clients need to look at their business critically to determine if factoring works for them or not.  The business that has very low margins probably shouldn’t factor; the businesses that have some room to absorb the costs of factoring almost always benefit by having the working capital to sustain and grow their operations.  Most factoring companies probably have tons of success stories, and even those that do will have experienced a relationship that did not end well.

I think it’s up to us as an industry to maintain how positive factoring arrangements can be for everyone – not just the factor and not just the client.  This is the business we’ve all chosen to be in and I’m proud to be a member of this community.  I don’t want to dwell on situations that I’m not directly involved in, and I try not to lay blame when the facts aren’t public.  I’d rather shout out that factors are here to serve the businesses that need our funding, and we’ve got the capital to be able to help.

Let’s all take advantage of these current economic times by continually promoting that factoring is a great form of finance!  Lift up our industry for the greater good.

How is the sale requested from the debtor?

In any industry, each party typically can evidence the ‘sale’ that generates an account receivable or invoice. Generally, a customer (Debtor) will ask the Prospect (Client) to perform a service or provide goods. This request can be in several formats such as verbally, a contract, work order, services agreement, purchase order, etc. This underlying agreement, when available (and yes, it’s available and does exist), dictates the terms of the sale. Pay special attention to those documents that refer to another agreement, the other side of the purchase order, or a website to print their underlying terms and conditions. You may find this information ‘enlightening’ when you are contemplating purchasing invoices and understanding the true sale arrangement.

How is the sale completed?

Once the service has been completed or the goods have been delivered, the Client can usually show that they did provide this service or deliver these goods. This can be in the form of a timesheet, delivery ticket, bill of lading, third party delivery, etc. There should be a way to show the completion of the sale, such as a sign off of the work completed, delivery documentation, etc…

When does a company invoice?

It is at this point that an invoice is usually created and sent to the Debtor. Remember, the invoice is not what dictates the terms and conditions of a sale. It is a reminder of payment for the services or goods delivered. Understand too that just because the Client prints the invoice off their system does not mean a completed sale has occurred or that the customer will pay. For example, a Client may invoice when an order is shipped; however, the goods may need to be inspected (as per those terms and conditions you found on their website) before payment can occur.

What do I ask for then?

Many times, it is easier to ask the Client how they do their billing. What do they receive letting them know their customer wants to order something or have something done? What do they get when it is completed? What does their customer require for payment? Sometimes, it is better to ask these open ended questions to gain a better understanding of the Client’s overall billing process. For example, if you just ask for the purchase order, it may not include the original underlying contract that exists.

Many factors will request a sample of the Client’s billing during the due diligence phase. Often times, Clients tend to provide a sample that doesn’t match as they are just pulling the closest information they can find on their desk (meaning, you may receive a work order for one sale, an invoice for another and a delivery ticket for another). However, it is important to be able to review an entire sale from beginning to end. Try to have the Client provide you with an invoice and all the backup relating to that ONE entire sale or order.

Once you have a basic understanding of their sales process, new questions may arise as you review this paperwork. Understanding that paperwork is critical, so ask the Client whenever in doubt or whenever something is not clear… it is better to know before you fund an invoice than when you are trying to collect on that invoice.

It is also important to remember that each industry is different and may have various types of documentation specific to their industry. But, we’ll leave that discussion for another day…

Wishing You Continued Success. The Factor Guru.

Tell me about your business. How long has the business been around? What did you do before starting this business? Hints: This conversation may also help establish the type of monitoring that would be involved with the account.

How many trucks are you running? Depending on the type of loads being hauled, trucks may typically carry from $8,000 to $12,000 a month in loads; loads hauled generally do not exceed $15,000 a month per truck unless the company operates in a unique niche of the marketplace, provides heavy hauling, etc.

Are you hauling full loads or LTL (less than a truckload)? Hints: LTL means smaller invoices and more paperwork; risk is spread among many invoices and customers which helps diversify the risk profile while also creating additional work in the account management.

Where do you get your loads? Do you have steady customers or do you get loads from load boards? Hint: if all loads come off the web, the client may struggle maintaining business profitably as these loads tend to be lower paying.

Who are your major customers (i.e., shippers, brokers, names of companies, etc.)? How many customers do you have? How many of them are repeat customers? How do your customers typically pay? Hints: if the customers pay very slowly, then your fees will be higher; the client may not be able to afford factoring. Trucking industry receivables tend to pay in less than 45 days. These questions will also give you an idea of how much time an account will take for notification, verification and collection purposes.

What is your typical invoice size? Hints: there is no “typical” but get a range from low to high. However, unless a trucking company is doing heavy hauling loads, they should not have large dollar invoices (i.e., $5,000).

What is your current billing process? How does it work? Can you walk me through what you typically do to get your customers their invoices and how long that process takes?

Do you have any special arrangements with any customers on advances for fuel, quick payment terms, or anything else?

Do you have a line of credit at the bank now? Hint: if yes, then a bank take out may be in order or subordination on the receivables.

Do you have employees? Hint: if yes, the client should be current with payroll taxes and other obligations. The client may use owner operators as well. If so, how many; are they always the same drivers or different ones each time, etc.? This may also reveal whether the company is brokering loads to other carriers.

Is the company profitable now? Hint: if they have a reasonable profit margin, the client should easily be able to afford factoring.

What about 2290 (heavy vehicle highway use) taxes? Do you have these? Are they paid currently? Hint: remember that these taxes are due annually and have the same priority on factors and lenders as payroll taxes.

The list of questions can go on and will expand based upon the company’s answers. Understanding their business, the collectibility of the invoices, and your risk-reward profile will help you better structure a transaction. Feel free to add more by commenting to this post.

Wishing You Continued Success. The Factor Guru.

I have a family member who believed a common misconception that I have always been involved in a sub-prime, “loan shark” type of business: factoring. No matter how many times I attempted to discuss how factoring works and how it benefited a small business, they just would not listen. Their theory focused on, “Why can’t the company just go to a bank?” and “That is just too expensive.”

Have they looked around at the banking environment lately?

Well, recently I was discussing a transaction that was funded by a factoring company I know. It was a small business that works with government entities (i.e., state and city municipalities) that recently experienced a massive increase in growth, or had the potential too… they just needed working capital. The company did have a line of credit; however, the bank was unable to raise their current facility to the level the company needed, as the company’s historical sales and cash flow would not justify this increase. However, by factoring their receivables, the company could accept these new orders and grow their business. The perceived ‘strain’ and ‘expense’ of factoring was immediately offset by the ability to expand the business and ultimately create more profitability.

This ‘family member’ overheard the conversation and began asking questions about how it worked, the structure, the credit guidelines, and how the factoring company would be repaid if the customers of the client did not pay.

Yes, the fees are more than a traditional bank source; however, we walked through an example of the overall impact to a business that would now be able to grow from factoring its receivables. It was then, that light bulb moment, that they realized the potential gain in income and profitability by using factoring versus continuing with the business without this working capital arrangement.

Using only generalities, they finally said (in amazement), “I didn’t know that factoring could help a company like this?” Yes, I too was shocked and amazed as they say.

Hadn’t we already talked about this? Sometimes, though, real examples help explain a transaction better. Moreover, showing the value added from factoring receivables and the potential financial gain and impact on a company’s bottom line can be a revelation.

So, once again, I had to sit back and evaluate what had just transpired. Perception in this case was not the reality. It was just a distortion of what people had ‘heard’ and a misperception of factoring itself. Sometimes, factoring accounts receivable can be the answer to the growth of a small business.

Wishing you continued success. The Factor Guru.

Sometimes, more than you thought possible… 

The #1 reason for delay of an initial new client funding can be attributed to not being able to structure a funding solution because the information is received late in the game. This information can include client names not being accurate in various places, including on the invoice, payment requirements being maintained including insurance needs and licenses, and more typically, the customer/debtor terms of the order directly affecting the payment of each invoice.

For invoices of any significant size, a contract, purchase order or other documentation outlining the company’s responsibilities between your prospective client and their customer is almost sure to exist.  Orders generally reflect the agreed upon price, the payment terms, what triggers billing, any insurance requirements, potential offsets or assignability, and more… Because of this, the next time you receive a complete application package and have any doubts about fully understanding the prospect’s business and billing (and I mean ‘any’ doubts), consider phoning the company again for a more in depth discussion prior to processing their application. 

Even if you are in the process of waiting for a prospect to respond with a completed application, what better reason to make that follow-up call and engage them than having them talk to you more about their business and how they operate that business. Understanding what they do can only help you, a factor, and the client, as they will not have to deal with ‘surprises’ later. Have them describe their billing processes and their customers’ payment history.  The company may even become more comfortable with you because you are taking an active interest into their business and truly how it works – you’re taking that extra step to build the relationship – you are showing them you want to understand their business and their needs.

It is always better to understand this dynamic prior to sending documents… prior to leading a company on (as they say). Why waste your time… or theirs. No surprises. That should be the motto, right?

Imagine a box. Any type will do. It could be a cardboard box, a pink or red gift box, one wrapped in newspaper or even shiny paper. It may even have a big red bow on top. The box is yours, so picture it clearly. Only you know what is in it. The question, however, is do others know what could be in there? Could they even guess? How can you make what you do ‘stick’ with them?

Well, if they know you then they probably can guess… if they cannot, then nothing specific exist sufficiently in their mind to think of you when they have something for you… such as…

a Deal…

In work, we all have niches we provide. We have certain transactions we specialize in and others in which we choose to steer clear. You, in your job, may look at several types of industries in the clients you work with such as medical, government receivables, construction, trucking carriers and/or brokers, staffing or manufacturing. You may only prefer deals that are under or over a certain dollar size or in a set geographic area.

Do people know what you do? Do they have a good understanding? Have you explained to them enough so they could guess what’s in your box? And, almost more importantly, will they remember? Does what you do ‘stick’ with them? Or, is what they know so generic that your box could hold just about anything? What makes you any different than what everyone else does?

If not, they will probably never be able to ‘guess’ what specifically could fall into your niche, or what you may include in that very vast space where any factoring company may fall. In this, they may never know what type of transaction to send your way. Unfortunately, you would just be the same as everyone else with that same generic box. Nothing special… Nothing that stands out… Nothing memorable. The only exciting benefit you may offer may be your packaging: the big red bow, the curly ribbons, and the shiny paper… the pretty marketing-driven features.

So, how do you know? How will you know?

Are you seeing transactions that are completely out of your range, target market or pricing? Getting others to understand what you do may help.

Some marketing people give the basics of their target industry, size, pricing, and other details. They key is: will you remember? Tom Siska, with Working Capital Solutions, continues to write for The Commercial Factor, The Secured Lender, and the ABF Journal. In most of his articles, he continues to address knowing who you are and sometimes, more importantly, who you are not. I tend to agree with this.  

Successful marketing people seem to develop more effective communication tactics (not sales pitches) in helping others remember what they do (in understanding their target market). I know some talented marketers that should a deal come my way and sound even close to what they would do, then I will definitely call them. Why? Because I know what goes in their box… therefore, I know what may go around their box.  Ultimately, I know if they may be able to do the deal!

One of my favorite methods of remembering: stories. Opportunities to hear examples of deals (why they worked and why they didn’t; how they were done) are lasting. They stick. People can relate to them. Stories can help seal the deal. People remember.

After reading Made to Stick, I further believe and encourage such stories. (I also highly recommend reading this book. By the way, it is a shorter read than the 8 ½ hour book on tape — or CD as the case may be. And, yes, I have both because I have ‘issues’… as some have said). The communication styles referenced in this book may help others remember more about you and what you do.

These messages leave a lasting ‘stickiness’ factor. And, at the end of the day, if communicated correctly, I know I always remember what goes in everyone’s ‘box’ for the types of transactions they are looking to fund.

So, again, what’s in your box? How do people know? How will they remember? How will what you do ‘stick’ with them?

Wishing you success… the Factor Guru.

What I wanted to talk about in this entry was planning and measuring performance. Do you have the ability to measure productivity… performance… results? How do you know that the processes you thought you established are truly being followed? What tools and management do you have in place? (This works in any business – not just factoring).

Have you ever wondered why marketing/salespeople bring in a lot of leads but minimal results? Have you ever wondered why a collections staff can call on aging invoices all day but with limited success? Some would say it’s a numbers game in both cases. I respectfully would disagree.

Sales can be a numbers game, but wouldn’t it be better to identify who your salespeople are calling on, what they are saying, what they know about the product they are selling? Is it just the features? Or, do they know what the true benefits (and challenges) are for a prospective client? Can they outline those benefits to a prospective client to add value to any new customer? Can they breakdown a good lead from a ‘not a good fit’ lead?

Likewise, in collections, do your collectors just call to identify the status of a payment without understanding what they are calling on exactly? Do they follow up promptly? Is the reason they are calling because of an internal issue in either your company or your client’s company?

In both cases, you will notice, ‘understanding’ is required and needed to produce efficiency in efforts and to maximize the value of your organization.

Although I have lots of ideas about both — I more or less want to pose the question to readers for them to think about their operation, their company, and ultimately their success.

Wishing you success… the Factor Guru.